Publish interactive notifications

All of the Slack APIs that publish messages use a common structure, called a message payload.

This payload is a JSON object that is used to define the content of the message and metadata about the message. The metadata can include required information such as the conversation the message should be published to, and optional parameters which determine the visual composition of the message.

Here's a very basic app-published message payload:

{
  "channel": "CONVERSATION_ID",
  "text": "Hello, world.",
}

You can go further to customize published messages by using special text formatting, or by composing a blocks parameter to define a rich, and potentially interactive, message layout.

View our message payload reference for a list of potential payload parameters.

Slack provides a range of visual components, called Block Kit, that can be used in messages. These blocks can be used to lay out complex information in a way that's easy to digest.

Define a single block

Each block is represented in our APIs as a JSON object. Here's an example of a simple section block:

{
  "type": "section",
  "text": {
    "type": "mrkdwn",
    "text": "New Paid Time Off request from <example.com|Fred Enriquez>\n\n<https://example.com|View request>"
  }
}

Preview

Every block contains a type field — specifying which of the available blocks to use — along with other fields that describe the content of the block.

Block Kit Builder is a visual prototyping sandbox that will let you choose from, configure, and preview all the available blocks.

If you want to skip the builder, the block reference guide contains the specifications of every block, and the JSON fields required for each of them.

Stacking multiple blocks

Individual blocks can be stacked together to create complex visual layouts.

When you've chosen each of the blocks you want in your layout, simply place each of them in an array, in visual order, like this:

[
	{
		"type": "header",
		"text": {
			"type": "plain_text",
			"text": "New request"
		}
	},
	{
		"type": "section",
		"fields": [
			{
				"type": "mrkdwn",
				"text": "*Type:*\nPaid Time Off"
			},
			{
				"type": "mrkdwn",
				"text": "*Created by:*\n<example.com|Fred Enriquez>"
			}
		]
	},
	{
		"type": "section",
		"fields": [
			{
				"type": "mrkdwn",
				"text": "*When:*\nAug 10 - Aug 13"
			}
		]
	},
	{
		"type": "section",
		"text": {
			"type": "mrkdwn",
			"text": "<https://example.com|View request>"
		}
	}
]

Preview

Block Kit Builder will allow you to drag, drop, and rearrange blocks to design and preview Block Kit layouts.

Alternatively you can use the block reference guide to manually generate a complete blocks array, like the one shown above.

Add blocks to your message payload

Blocks are added to messages by adding a blocks array to the message payload, like this:

{
  "channel": "C123ABC456",
  "text": "New Paid Time Off request from Fred Enriquez",
  "blocks": [
		{
			"type": "header",
			"text": {
				"type": "plain_text",
				"text": "New request"
			}
		},
		{
			"type": "section",
			"fields": [
				{
					"type": "mrkdwn",
					"text": "*Type:*\nPaid Time Off"
				},
				{
					"type": "mrkdwn",
					"text": "*Created by:*\n<example.com|Fred Enriquez>"
				}
			]
		},
		{
			"type": "section",
			"fields": [
				{
					"type": "mrkdwn",
					"text": "*When:*\nAug 10 - Aug 13"
				}
			]
		},
		{
			"type": "section",
			"text": {
				"type": "mrkdwn",
				"text": "<https://example.com|View request>"
			}
		}
	]
}

When you're using blocks in your message payload, the top-level text field becomes a fallback message displayed in notifications. Blocks should define everything else about the desired visible message.

You can take Block Kit layouts further by adding interactive components like buttons, select menus, date pickers, and more.

Interactive components allow your app to retrieve, manipulate, update, and return data to external services in response to user action. All from the comfort of Slack.

Adding interactive components is no different from adding any other block. Let's add a couple of buttons to an actions block in a message payload:

{
  	"channel": "C123ABC456",
  	"text": "New Paid Time Off request from Fred Enriquez",
	"blocks": [
		{
			"type": "header",
			"text": {
				"type": "plain_text",
				"text": "New request",
				"emoji": true
			}
		},
		{
			"type": "section",
			"fields": [
				{
					"type": "mrkdwn",
					"text": "*Type:*\nPaid Time Off"
				},
				{
					"type": "mrkdwn",
					"text": "*Created by:*\n<example.com|Fred Enriquez>"
				}
			]
		},
		{
			"type": "section",
			"fields": [
				{
					"type": "mrkdwn",
					"text": "*When:*\nAug 10 - Aug 13"
				}
			]
		},
		{
			"type": "actions",
			"elements": [
				{
					"type": "button",
					"text": {
						"type": "plain_text",
						"emoji": true,
						"text": "Approve"
					},
					"style": "primary",
					"value": "click_me_123"
				},
				{
					"type": "button",
					"text": {
						"type": "plain_text",
						"emoji": true,
						"text": "Reject"
					},
					"style": "danger",
					"value": "click_me_123"
				}
			]
		}
	]
}

Preview

You could replace these buttons with any of the available interactive components. You can also add a button as a section block's accessory element, rather than the actions block used above.

Browse the interactive components to see a full list of what's available, or try the Block Kit Builder tool to visually prototype a layout with interactive components.

When the message payload you've constructed here is published to Slack, people will be able to click on the buttons included in the layout. When that happens, your app will be sent interactive payloads for processing and response.

We'll show you how these interactive payloads work, and how to configure your app to receive them, in a later step.

If you're using our Bolt framework, which we recommend, making Web API calls is simple. All flavors of Bolt use a similar client interface, with API parameters passed as arguments.

Here's a basic Bolt example that calls chat.postMessage:

import com.slack.api.bolt.App;
import com.slack.api.bolt.AppConfig;
import com.slack.api.bolt.jetty.SlackAppServer;
import com.slack.api.methods.SlackApiException;

import java.io.IOException;

public class ChatPostMessage {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        var config = new AppConfig();
        config.setSingleTeamBotToken(System.getenv("SLACK_BOT_TOKEN"));
        config.setSigningSecret(System.getenv("SLACK_SIGNING_SECRET"));
        var app = new App(config); // `new App()` does the same

        app.message("hello", (req, ctx) -> {
            var logger = ctx.logger;
            try {
                var event = req.getEvent();
                // Call the chat.postMessage method using the built-in WebClient
                var result = ctx.client().chatPostMessage(r -> r
                    // The token you used to initialize your app is stored in the `context` object
                    .token(ctx.getBotToken())
                    // Payload message should be posted in the channel where original message was heard
                    .channel(event.getChannel())
                    .text("world")
                );
                logger.info("result: {}", result);
            } catch (IOException | SlackApiException e) {
                logger.error("error: {}", e.getMessage(), e);
            }
            return ctx.ack();
        });

        var server = new SlackAppServer(app);
        server.start();
    }
}

Code to initialize Bolt app
// Require the Node Slack SDK package (github.com/slackapi/node-slack-sdk)
const { WebClient, LogLevel } = require("@slack/web-api");

// WebClient instantiates a client that can call API methods
// When using Bolt, you can use either `app.client` or the `client` passed to listeners.
const client = new WebClient("xoxb-your-token", {
  // LogLevel can be imported and used to make debugging simpler
  logLevel: LogLevel.DEBUG
});
// ID of the channel you want to send the message to
const channelId = "C12345";

try {
  // Call the chat.postMessage method using the WebClient
  const result = await client.chat.postMessage({
    channel: channelId,
    text: "Hello world"
  });

  console.log(result);
}
catch (error) {
  console.error(error);
}

Code to initialize Bolt app
import logging
import os
# Import WebClient from Python SDK (github.com/slackapi/python-slack-sdk)
from slack_sdk import WebClient
from slack_sdk.errors import SlackApiError

# WebClient instantiates a client that can call API methods
# When using Bolt, you can use either `app.client` or the `client` passed to listeners.
client = WebClient(token=os.environ.get("SLACK_BOT_TOKEN"))
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
# ID of the channel you want to send the message to
channel_id = "C12345"

try:
    # Call the chat.postMessage method using the WebClient
    result = client.chat_postMessage(
        channel=channel_id, 
        text="Hello world"
    )
    logger.info(result)

except SlackApiError as e:
    logger.error(f"Error posting message: {e}")

If you're curious, you can read more about how Bolt can be used to call the Web API—just consult the relevant Bolt for JavaScript, Bolt for Python, or Bolt for Java docs.

When an app publishes a message, the app needs to know which Slack conversation the message should be added to.

In order to find a valid Slack conversation ID, we'll use the conversations.list API method. This API will return a list of all public channels in the workspace your app is installed to. You'll need the channels:read permission granted to your app.

Within that list, we'll be able to find a specific id of the conversation that we want to access. Here's an example API call:

import com.slack.api.Slack;
import com.slack.api.methods.SlackApiException;
import com.slack.api.model.Conversation;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

import java.io.IOException;

public class FindingConversation {

    /**
     * Find conversation ID using the conversations.list method
     */
    static void findConversation(String name) {
        // you can get this instance via ctx.client() in a Bolt app
        var client = Slack.getInstance().methods();
        var logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger("my-awesome-slack-app");
        try {
            // Call the conversations.list method using the built-in WebClient
            var result = client.conversationsList(r -> r
                // The token you used to initialize your app
                .token(System.getenv("SLACK_BOT_TOKEN"))
            );
            for (Conversation channel : result.getChannels()) {
                if (channel.getName().equals(name)) {
                    var conversationId = channel.getId();
                    // Print result
                    logger.info("Found conversation ID: {}", conversationId);
                    // Break from for loop
                    break;
                }
            }
        } catch (IOException | SlackApiException e) {
            logger.error("error: {}", e.getMessage(), e);
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        // Find conversation with a specified channel `name`
        findConversation("tester-channel");
    }

}

Code to initialize Bolt app
// Require the Node Slack SDK package (github.com/slackapi/node-slack-sdk)
const { WebClient, LogLevel } = require("@slack/web-api");

// WebClient instantiates a client that can call API methods
// When using Bolt, you can use either `app.client` or the `client` passed to listeners.
const client = new WebClient("xoxb-your-token", {
  // LogLevel can be imported and used to make debugging simpler
  logLevel: LogLevel.DEBUG
});
// Find conversation ID using the conversations.list method
async function findConversation(name) {
  try {
    // Call the conversations.list method using the built-in WebClient
    const result = await app.client.conversations.list({
      // The token you used to initialize your app
      token: "xoxb-your-token"
    });

    for (const channel of result.channels) {
      if (channel.name === name) {
        conversationId = channel.id;

        // Print result
        console.log("Found conversation ID: " + conversationId);
        // Break from for loop
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
  }
}

// Find conversation with a specified channel `name`
findConversation("tester-channel");

Code to initialize Bolt app
import logging
import os
# Import WebClient from Python SDK (github.com/slackapi/python-slack-sdk)
from slack_sdk import WebClient
from slack_sdk.errors import SlackApiError

# WebClient instantiates a client that can call API methods
# When using Bolt, you can use either `app.client` or the `client` passed to listeners.
client = WebClient(token=os.environ.get("SLACK_BOT_TOKEN"))
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
channel_name = "needle"
conversation_id = None
try:
    # Call the conversations.list method using the WebClient
    for result in client.conversations_list():
        if conversation_id is not None:
            break
        for channel in result["channels"]:
            if channel["name"] == channel_name:
                conversation_id = channel["id"]
                #Print result
                print(f"Found conversation ID: {conversation_id}")
                break

except SlackApiError as e:
    print(f"Error: {e}")
    

GET https://slack.com/api/conversations.list
Authorization: Bearer xoxb-your-token

You'll get back a JSON object, with a channels array containing all the public channels that your app can see. You can find your channel by looking for the name in each object.

When you've found the matching channel, make note of the id value, as you'll need it for certain API calls.

If you're using Bolt, publishing a message is really simple. Just call chat.postMessage as below, making sure to include your blocks array in the message payload:

import com.slack.api.bolt.App;
import com.slack.api.bolt.AppConfig;
import com.slack.api.bolt.jetty.SlackAppServer;
import com.slack.api.methods.SlackApiException;

import java.io.IOException;

public class ChatPostMessage {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        var config = new AppConfig();
        config.setSingleTeamBotToken(System.getenv("SLACK_BOT_TOKEN"));
        config.setSigningSecret(System.getenv("SLACK_SIGNING_SECRET"));
        var app = new App(config); // `new App()` does the same

        app.message("hello", (req, ctx) -> {
            var logger = ctx.logger;
            try {
                var event = req.getEvent();
                // Call the chat.postMessage method using the built-in WebClient
                var result = ctx.client().chatPostMessage(r -> r
                    // The token you used to initialize your app is stored in the `context` object
                    .token(ctx.getBotToken())
                    // Payload message should be posted in the channel where original message was heard
                    .channel(event.getChannel())
                    .text("world")
                );
                logger.info("result: {}", result);
            } catch (IOException | SlackApiException e) {
                logger.error("error: {}", e.getMessage(), e);
            }
            return ctx.ack();
        });

        var server = new SlackAppServer(app);
        server.start();
    }
}

Code to initialize Bolt app
// Require the Node Slack SDK package (github.com/slackapi/node-slack-sdk)
const { WebClient, LogLevel } = require("@slack/web-api");

// WebClient instantiates a client that can call API methods
// When using Bolt, you can use either `app.client` or the `client` passed to listeners.
const client = new WebClient("xoxb-your-token", {
  // LogLevel can be imported and used to make debugging simpler
  logLevel: LogLevel.DEBUG
});
// ID of the channel you want to send the message to
const channelId = "C12345";

try {
  // Call the chat.postMessage method using the WebClient
  const result = await client.chat.postMessage({
    channel: channelId,
    text: "Hello world"
  });

  console.log(result);
}
catch (error) {
  console.error(error);
}

Code to initialize Bolt app
import logging
import os
# Import WebClient from Python SDK (github.com/slackapi/python-slack-sdk)
from slack_sdk import WebClient
from slack_sdk.errors import SlackApiError

# WebClient instantiates a client that can call API methods
# When using Bolt, you can use either `app.client` or the `client` passed to listeners.
client = WebClient(token=os.environ.get("SLACK_BOT_TOKEN"))
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
# ID of the channel you want to send the message to
channel_id = "C12345"

try:
    # Call the chat.postMessage method using the WebClient
    result = client.chat_postMessage(
        channel=channel_id, 
        text="Hello world"
    )
    logger.info(result)

except SlackApiError as e:
    logger.error(f"Error posting message: {e}")

Every interaction between a user and an app exists as part of a flow, a series of events that gets something done:

A user triggers an app interaction by using an interactive Block Kit component or a shortcut.

An interaction payload is sent to the app, which correctly receives and processes it.

Using the context in the interaction payload, the app responds to the interaction.

In the next few steps, we'll get your app ready to handle this flow.

Interaction payloads are sent to your app's configured Request URL. To add a Request URL to your app:

1. Head over to app config page for your app.
2. Navigate to the Interactivity & Shortcuts page.
3. If you haven't already, switch on the Interactivity toggle.
4. Add your Request URL.
5. Click Save Changes at the bottom of the page.

If you're using the Bolt framework, the process of receiving and processing interaction payloads is handled for you. All you need to do is create a listener for each block_id or action_id created by your app:

// This listener will be called every time an interactive component with the `action_id` "approve_button" is triggered
// `block_id` is disregarded in this case
app.blockAction("approve_button", (req, ctx) -> {
  String value = req.getPayload().getActions().get(0).getValue(); // "button's value"
  // Do something in response
  return ctx.ack();
});

// This listener will be called every time an interactive component with the `action_id` "approve_button" is triggered
// `block_id` is disregarded in this case
app.action('approve_button', async ({ ack, say }) => {
	await ack();
	// Do something in response
});

// This listener will only be called when the `action_id` matches 'select_user' AND the `block_id` matches 'assign_ticket'
app.action({
	action_id: 'select_user',
	block_id: 'assign_ticket'
	}, async ({ body, action, ack, client }) => {
	await ack();
	// Do something in response
});

# This listener will be called every time an interactive component with the `action_id` "approve_button" is triggered
# `block_id` is disregarded in this case
@app.action("approve_button")
def some_action_response(ack):
    ack()
    # Do something in response

# This listener will only be called when the `action_id` matches 'select_user' AND the `block_id` matches 'assign_ticket'
@app.action({
    "block_id": "assign_ticket",
    "action_id": "select_user"
})
def some_other_action_response(ack, body, client):
    ack()
    # Do something in response

Your app has access to all the contextual info about the interaction that's included in the payload. Your app can use as much or as little of the info as needed to generate a response.

You can view a full list of the fields included in our block_actions payload reference.

Send an acknowledgment response

All apps must acknowledge the receipt of an interaction payload within 3 seconds. To enable this acknowledgment response, Bolt action listeners are passed a callable ack() function (in Bolt for Java this function is ctx.ack()).

This ack() function requires no arguments. We recommend calling ack() immediately, before any other processing, since you only have 3 seconds to respond.